This chapter discusses the historical roots, varied training and licensure requirements, and diversity of approaches in counseling and psychotherapy in English and French Canada. In response to changing cultural and political trends in Canada, counseling and psychotherapy are expanding rapidly in a context of new challenges and opportunities. Fifty years ago, the practice of counselors was primarily associated with education and guidance while the practice of psychotherapists was more closely associated with the treatment of clients with psychological and psychiatric conditions. However, this division no longer reflects the reality of practice in Canada: numerous professions that span both counseling and psychotherapy have emerged, and the scope of practice of many professions has expanded to the point that the distinction is no longer valid.